What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?

Lists are mutable (can be changed after creation); tuples are immutable (fixed after creation). Tuples use less memory and are slightly faster, suitable for fixed data and dictionary keys.

What is a Python decorator? Write one from scratch.

A decorator is a function that takes another function as input and returns a modified version of it — without changing the original source code. The @syntax is syntactic sugar for func = decorator(func).

What is the Python GIL? How does it affect concurrency?

The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a mutex in CPython that allows only one thread to execute Python bytecode at a time. It makes CPU-bound threading ineffective but doesn't affect I/O-bound threads or multiprocessing.

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Python

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Python fundamentals, data structures, OOP, decorators, generators, concurrency and common interview coding patterns.

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